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The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica

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Review

Kristin De Troyer-- University of St. Andrews“This finely revised and nicely updated version of one of the classics in our field can truly be called a grand introduction to the history of the biblical text.”Leonard Greenspoon-- Creighton University“Readers familiar with Wurthwein’s earlier work will discover all of the strengths of his approach to Biblical Hebrew. Old and new readers will enjoy the thoroughly up-to-date discussion of the aims and methods of textual criticism as well as the unbiased analysis of ancient versions and their modern scholarly editions. Beautifully reproduced plates are easy to read, and the updated bibliography is satisfyingly full. . . . This successful project can be easily digested by newcomers and savored by specialists.”Robert L. Hubbard-- North Park Theological Seminary“A very welcome, thorough revision of the long-honored standard introduction to the Masoretic text. Its integration of recent scholarship is first-rate, and the rewritten text retains the clear, accessible style that won its predecessors decades of popularity as a textbook. Yet another generation of students will find in this book a friendly, reliable guide through the complex terrain of ancient Hebrew texts and their relationships. Highly commended.”

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About the Author

Ernst W?rthwein (1909-1996) was professor emeritus of OldTestament at Philipps-Universit?t Marburg in Germany.

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Product details

Paperback: 336 pages

Publisher: Eerdmans; 3 edition (November 27, 2014)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0802866808

ISBN-13: 978-0802866806

Product Dimensions:

6.2 x 0.9 x 9.2 inches

Shipping Weight: 1.1 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

4.8 out of 5 stars

6 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#388,001 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

Würthwein’s The Text of the Old Testament has served since 1952 as a standard beginner/intermediate textbook and reference manual for textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. Given that more than twenty of years have passed since the second edition of Würthwein was produced, Fischer’s work brings a time-honored classic up-to-date. Indisputably, the field of textual criticism is changing rapidly and it is, of course, necessary in a review such as this to delineate precisely the exact nature of the rather extensive revisions and expansions that Fischer underwent to prepare a “new edition of ‘Würthwein’” (xi).To begin, the selection of plates remains almost the same as the second edition, although one plate (the Izbet Sartah abecedary) has been removed and two plates have been changed. Plate 1 is now the Tel Dan inscription, discovered in 1996. Its mention of the “house of David” makes it one of the earliest nonbiblical documentary evidence of the history of Israel alongside the Merneptah Stele. Plate 15 is a fragment of Ecclesiastes found at Qumran in which later corrections of a manuscript may be clearly observed (xii). Comprising almost a third of the entire volume, the inclusion of over forty plates is something that is rather distinct (and most welcome!) to Würthwein as compared perhaps to other works of a similar nature.Though not printed on glossy paper, the quality of the vast majority of the plates is superb and the choice to replace some of the older plates with newer photographs was indeed a prudent decision and is to be commended. The most noticeable improvements with respect to image quality are detectable on plate 6, the Nash Papyrus, plate 9b, A Fragment of the Song of Moses, plate 11, the First Isaiah Scroll, plate 16, The Minor Prophets Scroll, plate 24, Codex Leningradensis, and plate 40, the Constance Fragments of the Old Latin Prophets. The newly prepared images are much more pleasing to the eye and far more conducive to study as the increased brightness and contrast, along with less graininess as a whole, make the letters immensely more pronounced and crisp than in former editions.Alongside improved image quality, the third edition of Würthwein features a two-page reproduction of plate 18, A Haphtareh Fragment with Babylonian Pointing, in place of the original one page copy. One may also note (and appreciate) that the boundary lines and the edges of the actual manuscript on plate 30, A Greek Scroll of the Minor Prophets, are more clearly defined. Such (significant) improvements notwithstanding, however, in certain instances, the new photographs seem to make little, if any, noticeable difference to the observant eye or provide no obvious improvements to the former photographs that were chosen (e.g. plate 7, the entrance to Qumran Cave 1). In one particular instance, however, even the new photograph retains latent difficulties (see plate 5, the Elephantine Papyrus for an especially troublesome case).In addition to the above, it is also worth noting that Würthwein’s descriptions of the plates have often been edited, and sometimes expanded or adapted in the light of later research (xii). Below the plate’s caption is a brief identification of the manuscript or page shown (symbol, date, location, and sample of text). Source data as well as bibliographical and other information follows the descriptive text rather than appearing as footnotes (xii). Although space does not permit a full recapitulation of the numerous editorial decisions made, even a casual reading of the plates’ annotations should suffice to commend Fischer for his judiciousness and care with respect to these matters.One should also mention that although the “character” and basic outline of Würthwein’s text has largely been retained (for example, his practice of italicizing keywords at the beginning of sections and paragraphs has been continued, making it simpler for students and interested readers to browse and review topics), the text itself has been completely rewritten (xi). Contemporary readers will find Fischer’s prose far more lucid, readable, and transparent than that which was found in previous editions. Fischer is also to be commended for his marked way of seeking to make the history and/or the discovery of certain texts and manuscripts come alive in surprisingly vivid, even “page-turning” language (see plate 3, The Siloam Inscription from Jerusalem).Other prominent changes include the fact that each chapter now ends with bibliographical notes on the texts and tools discussed as well as manuals and other works useful for further study (xi). In keeping with the nature of the text, i.e. a basic introduction that is not intended to compete with the standard reference volumes, only select works are mentioned (see xi). Nevertheless, the recommendations that have been made ought to be well received by the reader and should serve their intended purposes sufficiently well.That being said, however, there remains, in the eyes of this reviewer, certain infelicities and a number of regrettable oversights. For example: 1) There is a rather high volume of German references throughout the recommended reading that would perhaps only bewilder the uninitiated. While most assuredly it is of great importance for readers (particularly those situated in North American?) to be aware of these German resources, it is possible that the bibliography is weighted too heavily on them at times. For instance, at the end of chapter one, “Language, Script and Wiring Materials,” eight of the ten resources listed are German works. 2) The list of recommendations within chapter three, “the Qumran Scrolls,” fails to mention Flint and Vanderkam’s The Meaning of the Dead Scrolls (2002) nor any of the series of volumes in Studies in the Dead Scrolls and Related Literature, e.g. Ulrich (1999), Fitzmyer (2000) or Flint (2001). 3) The recommended reading list within chapter five, “the Septuagint,” fails to mention Muraoka’s lexicon (2009) under “Septuagint Aids” (albeit Fischer does list his Hebrew/Aramaic index), Dine’s The Septuagint (2004) under “Introductions,” or Tov’s The Greek and Hebrew Bible: Collected Essays on the Septuagint (1999) at all. 4) Within chapter nine, “the method of textual criticism,” Fischer fails to recommend, list, or cite Brotzman’s Old Testament Textual Criticism: A Practical Introduction (1994) or Wegner’s Textual Criticism of the Bible (2006). 5) All references to Emmanuel Tov’s magisterial Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible are keyed to the second edition.Moreover, other references and resources are cited/discussed that are either already dated or shall become so soon enough. For instance, Fischer mentions the 27th edition of Novum Testamentum Graece (1993) on page 47 although the 28th Revised Edition has been made available since 2012 (not to mention the 5th edition of the UBS GNT that has also been recently released). One may also note that on page 51, Fischer discusses the Oxford Hebrew Bible Project as a future eclectic edition, but the first volume on the book of Proverbs by Fox was published in the early part of 2015 with the new series title, The Hebrew Bible: a Critical Edition. In addition, Tov’s Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research has recently appeared in its third edition (2015) and a second edition of Jobes and Silva’s Invitation to the Septuagint has also been released (2015). Combine this with a soon-to-be-released second edition of Brotzman (July 2016) and the above combination undoubtedly dates Fischer’s work somewhat prematurely in certain ways. Given the authors’ boast that one of the reasons Würthwein’s text has “served so usefully for so long” is that he “stayed in touch with current research,” (xi) these solecisms are particularly unfortunate.Nevertheless, it is evident that Fischer has clearly endeavored to bring the Würthwein reader conversant with details concerning the BHQ (this third edition includes two, one-page charts of the accents [prose and poetical] in BHQ and a sample page of Canticles from BHQ, showing the Masorah magna between the text and apparatus) and matters pertaining to Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls, including a whole chapter devoted to the subject. Such additions are, of course, most welcome and are ably handled.Numerous additional elements also enhance the user-friendliness of this volume, one of which is a modest glossary. Deserving of special mention, however, are a series of tables that have been either developed by Fischer or adapted for this particular volume. For example, in chapter five, “the Septuagint,” Fischer has compiled a chart outlining the Hebrew Bible order of books, the King James Version, and the Septuagint, thereby providing the reader much comparative information at a glance (97). In the same chapter, not only does Fischer provide a helpful profile of the individual translations of the books within the LXX and the approximate date for each (101), he also tabulates each of the codices containing the OT/HB and NT, delineating their name, age, character, and symbol (118). In addition, in chapter two, “the Masoretic Text,” Fischer provides the name, date, content, character and symbol of each of the medieval biblical manuscripts (40). Another poignant example may be found in chapter seven, “the goal and task of textual criticism,” wherein Fischer illustrates the relationship between the original and final text (161). These tables/diagrams are well designed and will surely serve to enhance the reader’s comprehension and understanding of the material at hand. A list of tables has also been provided for ease of use. The author, subject, and biblical citation indexes are also sedulous and most appreciated.Penultimate, it is perhaps worth mentioning that some evangelicals will most likely disagree with a number of the assumptions in the book regarding canonicity, dating, and the literary development of biblical texts. Nevertheless, there is much to be gleaned within this volume and one should be reticent about dismissing the text itself based upon such criteria. In closing, this thorough revision of Würthwein by Fischer shall surely “prepare beginners for further research in textual criticism” and thoroughly equip the student to use more scholarly, advanced textual criticism manuals, such as Tov’s Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, with increased skill and fluidity (xi). Its primary readers will be studious undergraduate/graduate students and the serious pastor/minister. The “Würthwein tradition” indeed “lives on!” (x). And for this, I am sincerely glad.NOTE: Eric Tully (Assistant Professor of Old Testament and Semitic Languages at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School.) states: sound biblical exegesis requires that we know something about many different things: the historical and literary contexts of the passage, the genre, the structure, and the significance of certain details. Before we consider those issues, however, there is the question of the text itself. The more we understand where our Bible came from, how it was transmitted and copied, the various versions in which it appears, and the procedure for evaluating different textual readings, the more prepared we will be to interpret the text accurately and carefully.For some, it is tempting to ignore these complex issues and to accept the reading of the Hebrew Masoretic Text or even a particular English translation. However, when we make that decision we have made a text critical judgment and chosen one biblical text over others. While we cannot all be experts in textual criticism, the more we understand about the versions of the Bible and how they relate to each other, the better informed we will be when we read commentaries or even the footnotes in our Bibles. These matters of textual criticism have a steep learning curve, but fortunately there are some very helpful books to guide us along the way.

Rather than leaving a descriptive review of the book (which has already been adequately done by other reviewers), I leave a theological review.Because I have perused OT commentaries over the past few years, I have long been aware that the textual criticism of the OT is enormously complex. Before that, however, I was raised in a Christian home and was taught that the Dead Sea Scrolls validated the reliability of the Bible because the Isaiah scroll was basically the same as the thousand-year old MT. The implication is that if the text was copied faithfully for 1,000 years, then the 500+ years between the original and the DSS must have faithfully preserved the text as well. The author of this book, however, would not necessarily hold to that idea (though he does not reject the reliability of the OT - he is just presenting facts - he is not interested in theology). If you are a conservative fundamental Christian, then you will likely not enjoy this book. If you want to hold onto man-made (incorrect) dogma, then this book is not for you. If however, you want to base your faith on reality, history, and truth; then this book can be read with profit.I am a Christian, and am still having to figure out how this book works with and relates to my faith. It isn't always easy, but God is good and faithful and is carrying me through. In case a reader is curious for some reason - As of right now (*and this is provisional) I would believe that the text of the OT became essentially established and stop being edited by 100BC and that this text was established in the LXX translation which Jesus and the apostles used to base their NT writing on. In sum - I assume that written revelation (the Bible) was produced around the most important period of revelation in human history - Jesus Christ. I would say that the (final) Bible came to be between 100BC-100AD.Because the text of the OT is so difficult, this introduction by Wurthwein is just that: an introduction. [Brill has published half of its "Textual History of the Bible" which is already some 2,000 pages long!] But it is a phenomenal one at that. Easy to grasp (much easier than the Aland's Text of the NT) and easy to read. I'd recommend it as a good starting point for understanding the Hebrew text on which all modern translations of the Bible are based.

the book serves as a great reference and introductory book in terms of the Hebrew Text of the Old Testament and Textual Criticism. It explains with reasonable care and enough depth the language in which the Old Testament was written, the materials used and the significance in the transmission of text. When dealing with historical facts, the book tends to be precise and informative (especially when informing about the Qumran Scrolls). The details are astounding and the analysis of each position or argument concerning the use of scrolls and manuscripts worthy of being re-read.Würthwein writes clearly and concisely throughout the book. He gathers the appropriate information and with sharpness expresses it. He defines terms and even when he appears to assume previous knowledge on the topic, he provides parenthetical explanations avoiding to lose the forgetful reader. The book certainly encourages the reader to keep on reading page after page, and after finished, peaks your interest in learning more about the topic.This important work deserves to be bought, read and cherished by serious students of the Word of God. It is significant and worth reading because it explains and introduces any unknowledgeable student to concepts and topics much needed to deepen the knowledge in the Word of God expressed in the Old Testament.

This is one of the best introductions to the Old Test. Ernst Wurthwein is considered to be an authority on the Old Test. It is worth the money to add this book to your library.

EXCELLENT BEAUTIFUL THANK YOU VERY MUCH

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